Major Work Activity B - Fabricates components

Table of contents

Task B-7 Performs layout

Task descriptor

Metal fabricators (fitters) lay out materials before any fabrication procedure such as cutting, drilling, bending and welding. It is important that the layout be done accurately to limit waste, and ensure proper fit and accuracy.

B-7.01 Performs pattern development

B-7.01 Performs pattern development
NL NS PE NB QC ON MB SK AB BC NT YT NU
yes yes NV yes NV yes NV yes yes yes NV NV NV
Skills
Reference Code Performance Criteria Evidence of Attainment
B-7.01.01P generate pattern/template from detailed drawing pattern/template is generated from detailed drawing
B-7.01.02P visualize finished product in three dimensions finished product is visualized in three dimensions
B-7.01.03P visualize flat pattern required flat pattern required is visualized to build finished product
B-7.01.04P determine layout method layout method is determined according to design requirements
B-7.01.05P select and use tools and equipment tools and equipment are selected and used according to job requirements
B-7.01.06P establish working point and axis to determine starting point working point and axis are established to determine starting point
B-7.01.07P develop views required for fitting views required for fitting are developed
B-7.01.08P consider factors to maximize efficiency and quality factors to maximize efficiency and quality are considered

Range of variables

Knowledge
Reference Code Learning Outcomes Learning Objectives
B-7.01.01L demonstrate knowledge of performing pattern development describe procedures to perform pattern development
identify layout methods, and describe their characteristics, applications and limitations
identify tools and equipment used for pattern development and describe their characteristics, applications, limitations and operation
describe characteristics and applications of CAD produced layouts
identify shapes and patterns, and describe their characteristics and applications
describe pattern development techniques
describe factors considered for maximum efficiency and quality

Range of variables

B-7.02 Calculates material allowances for various processes

B-7.02 Calculates material allowances for various processes
NL NS PE NB QC ON MB SK AB BC NT YT NU
yes yes NV yes NV yes NV yes yes yes NV NV NV
Skills
Reference Code Performance Criteria Evidence of Attainment
B-7.02.01P determine total material required total material required is determined by considering factors
B-7.02.02P perform mathematical calculations and use formulas mathematical calculations are performed and formulas are used to determine requirements
B-7.02.03P determine bend radius bend radius is determined according to factors
B-7.02.04P account for excess material excess material is accounted for to allow for rolling to and flat spot removal

Range of variables

Knowledge
Reference Code Learning Outcomes Learning Objectives
B-7.02.01L demonstrate knowledge of calculating material allowances for various processes identify mathematics applicable to trade
describe procedures used to convert between imperial and metric systems
identify bending, rolling and cutting allowances, and describe their characteristics and applications

Range of variables

B-7.03 Determines dimensions

B-7.03 Determines dimensions
NL NS PE NB QC ON MB SK AB BC NT YT NU
yes yes NV yes NV yes NV yes yes yes NV NV NV
Skills
Reference Code Performance Criteria Evidence of Attainment
B-7.03.01P extract required information from drawings to calculate material dimensions required information from drawings is extracted to calculate material dimensions
B-7.03.02P select and use appropriate mathematical formula appropriate mathematical formula is selected and used
B-7.03.03P perform geometric calculations to calculate material dimensions geometric calculations are performed to calculate material dimensions
B-7.03.04P calculate arc measurements from angular dimensions to determine true length of arc arc measurements are calculated from angular dimensions to determine true length of arc
B-7.03.05P select and use layout and measuring tools layout and measuring tools are selected and used

Range of variables

Knowledge
Reference Code Learning Outcomes Learning Objectives
B-7.03.01L demonstrate knowledge of determining dimensions describe procedures to determine dimensions
identify layout and measuring tools used for pattern development and describe their characteristics, applications, limitations and operation
identify mathematics applicable to trade
identify geometric calculations performed to calculate material dimensions
describe procedures used to convert between imperial and metric systems

Range of variables

B-7.04 Transfers dimensions

B-7.04 Transfers dimensions
NL NS PE NB QC ON MB SK AB BC NT YT NU
yes yes NV yes NV yes NV yes yes yes NV NV NV
Skills
Reference Code Performance Criteria Evidence of Attainment
B-7.04.01P establish work point and mark surfaces on components work point is established and surfaces on components are marked according to layout and drawings
B-7.04.02P locate transferred marks transferred marks are located using layout and measuring tools
B-7.04.03P locate work points to determine location and orientation of components work points are located to determine location and orientation of components according to drawings
B-7.04.04P lay out incline and slope using rise and run, and angular dimensions incline and slope are laid out using rise and run, and angular dimensions
B-7.04.05P transfer top dead centre from one end of a cylinder to other end top dead centre is transferred from one end of a cylinder to other end using tools

Range of variables

Knowledge
Reference Code Learning Outcomes Learning Objectives
B-7.04.01L demonstrate knowledge of transferring dimensions describe procedures to transfer dimensions
identify layout and measuring tools used to transfer dimensions and describe their characteristics, applications, limitations and operation
identify angular dimensions, running dimensions and incremental dimensions, and describe their characteristics and applications
identify mathematics applicable to trade
identify work points, and describe their characteristics and applications

Range of variables

B-7.05 Makes templates

B-7.05 Makes templates
NL NS PE NB QC ON MB SK AB BC NT YT NU
yes yes NV yes NV yes NV yes yes yes NV NV NV
Skills
Reference Code Performance Criteria Evidence of Attainment
B-7.05.01P develop templates templates are developed using manual drafting techniques and CAD software
B-7.05.02P select and use tools and equipment tools and equipment are selected and used according to material used to construct templates
B-7.05.03P mark template with information template is marked with information

Range of variables

Knowledge
Reference Code Learning Outcomes Learning Objectives
B-7.05.01L demonstrate knowledge of templates, their characteristics, applications and limitations identify types of templates, and describe their characteristics, applications and limitations
identify template materials, and describe their characteristics, applications and limitations
identify drawing specifications and describe their applications
describe angular dimensions, running dimensions and incremental dimensions, and their characteristics, applications and limitations
B-7.05.02L demonstrate knowledge of making templates describe procedures to make templates
identify tools and equipment used to make templates, and describe their characteristics, applications and procedures for use

Range of variables

Task B-8 Cuts materials

Task descriptor

Metal fabricators (fitters) cut materials according to the layouts and specifications. Accurate cuts are important to the final assembly. Journeypersons must master the use of several pieces of heavy duty and sophisticated cutting equipment to perform these tasks. Joint preparation is done in advance of the welding process. Safety practices are critical.

B-8.01 Cuts material using plasma cutting equipment

B-8.01 Cuts material using plasma cutting equipment
NL NS PE NB QC ON MB SK AB BC NT YT NU
yes yes NV yes NV yes NV yes yes yes NV NV NV
Skills
Reference Code Performance Criteria Evidence of Attainment
B-8.01.01P verify type and thickness of material that can be cut type and thickness of material that can be cut is verified according to equipment capacity
B-8.01.02P set up plasma cutting equipment plasma cutting equipment is set up according to machine capacity and manufacturers’ specifications
B-8.01.03P operate plasma cutting equipment plasma cutting equipment is operated according to manufacturers’ specifications
B-8.01.04P ensure straight or profiled edge straight or profiled edge is ensured using methods

Range of variables

Knowledge
Reference Code Learning Outcomes Learning Objectives
B-8.01.01L demonstrate knowledge of plasma cutting equipment, their characteristics, applications, limitations and operation identify types of plasma cutting equipment, and describe their characteristics, applications, limitations and operation
identify pressure settings and describe their characteristics, applications and limitations
identify hazards and safe work practices while using manual plasma cutting equipment
B-8.01.02L demonstrate knowledge of cutting material using plasma cutting equipment describe procedures to cut material using plasma cutting equipment
describe cutting processes for different materials
describe methods used to ensure straight or profiled edge

Range of variables

B-8.02 Cuts material using oxy-fuel cutting equipment

B-8.02 Cuts material using oxy-fuel cutting equipment
NL NS PE NB QC ON MB SK AB BC NT YT NU
yes yes NV yes NV yes NV yes yes yes NV NV NV
Skills
Reference Code Performance Criteria Evidence of Attainment
B-8.02.01P verify type and thickness of material that can be cut type and thickness of material that can be cut is verified according to equipment capacity
B-8.02.02P set up and take down oxy-fuel cutting equipment oxy-fuel cutting equipment is set up and taken down
B-8.02.03P select and adjust gas pressure and tip sizes gas pressure and tip sizes are selected and adjusted according to material thickness
B-8.02.04P adjust flame to neutral flame is adjusted to neutral
B-8.02.05P ensure straight or profiled edge straight or profiled edge is ensured using methods
B-8.02.06P minimize distortion of material distortion of material is minimized by anticipating effects of longitudinal, angular and transverse distortion as a result of heat input

Range of variables

Knowledge
Reference Code Learning Outcomes Learning Objectives
B-8.02.01L demonstrate knowledge of oxy-fuel cutting equipment, their components, consumables, characteristics, applications, limitations and operation identify types of oxy-fuel cutting equipment, their components and consumables, and describe their characteristics, applications, limitations and operation
describe procedures to start up and shut down oxy-fuel cutting equipment
identify safety features of oxy-fuel cutting equipment, and describe their characteristics, applications and limitations
identify various gases and describe their properties
identify pressure settings, and describe their characteristics, applications and limitations
identify hazards and safe work practices while using oxy-fuel cutting equipment
B-8.02.02L demonstrate knowledge of cutting material using oxy-fuel cutting equipment describe procedures to cut material using oxy-fuel cutting equipment
describe cutting processes for different materials
describe methods used to ensure straight or profiled edge

Range of variables

B-8.03 Cuts material using shears

B-8.03 Cuts material using shears
NL NS PE NB QC ON MB SK AB BC NT YT NU
yes yes NV yes NV yes NV yes yes yes NV NV NV
Skills
Reference Code Performance Criteria Evidence of Attainment
B-8.03.01P ensure safety features are in place safety features are in place according to manufacturers’ specifications
B-8.03.02P verify type and thickness of material that can be sheared type and thickness of material that can be sheared is verified according to equipment capacity
B-8.03.03P adjust rake angle and blade clearance settings rake angle and blade clearance settings are adjusted according to manufacturers’ specifications and material characteristics
B-8.03.04P adjust back gauges back gauges are adjusted to position material
B-8.03.05P operate shears shears are operated using automated or manual controls

Range of variables

Knowledge
Reference Code Learning Outcomes Learning Objectives
B-8.03.01L demonstrate knowledge of shears, their characteristics, applications, limitations and operation identify types of shears and describe their characteristics, applications, limitations and operation
describe shear cut-off minimums to reduce bow, twist and camber
identify safety features and describe their characteristics, applications, limitations and operation
identify hazards and safe work practices while using shears
B-8.03.02L demonstrate knowledge of cutting material using shears describe procedures to cut material using shears
describe cutting processes for different materials

Range of variables

B-8.04 Cuts material using saws

B-8.04 Cuts material using saws
NL NS PE NB QC ON MB SK AB BC NT YT NU
yes yes NV yes NV yes NV yes yes yes NV NV NV
Skills
Reference Code Performance Criteria Evidence of Attainment
B-8.04.01P ensure safety features are in place safety features are in place according to manufacturers’ specifications
B-8.04.02P verify type and thickness of material that can be cut type and thickness of material that can be cut is verified according to equipment capacity
B-8.04.03P select blade types, styles and tooth pitches blade types, styles and tooth pitches are selected according to grade, shape and dimensions of material to be cut
B-8.04.04P determine speed and feed rate of cut speed and feed rate of cut are determined according to factors
B-8.04.05P select and use coolants coolants are selected and used to prolong blade life and improve quality of cut
B-8.04.06P use jigs, gauges and backstops during cutting operations with multiple cuts jigs, gauges and backstops are used during cutting operations with multiple cuts

Range of variables

Knowledge
Reference Code Learning Outcomes Learning Objectives
B-8.04.01L demonstrate knowledge of saws, their characteristics, applications, limitations and operation identify types of saws, and describe their characteristics, applications, limitations and operation
identify safety features and describe their characteristics, applications, limitations and operation
identify hazards and safe work practices while using saws
B-8.04.02L demonstrate knowledge of cutting material using saws describe procedures to cut material using saws
describe cutting processes for different materials
identify factors to determine speed and feed rate of cut

Range of variables

B-8.05 Cuts material using ironworkers

B-8.05 Cuts material using ironworkers
NL NS PE NB QC ON MB SK AB BC NT YT NU
yes yes NV yes NV yes NV yes yes yes NV NV NV
Skills
Reference Code Performance Criteria Evidence of Attainment
B-8.05.01P ensure safety features are in place safety features are in place according to manufacturers’ specifications
B-8.05.02P verify type and thickness of materials that can be processed type and thickness of materials that can be processed are verified according to equipment capacity
B-8.05.03P set up ironworker equipment ironworker equipment is set up according to functions to be performed
B-8.05.04P use jigs, gauges and backstops during processing operations for repeatability jigs, gauges and backstops are used during processing operations for repeatability

Range of variables

Knowledge
Reference Code Learning Outcomes Learning Objectives
B-8.05.01L demonstrate knowledge of ironworkers their characteristics, applications, limitations and operation identify types of ironworkers, and describe their characteristics, applications, limitations and operation
identify stations on ironworkers and describe their functions
identify safety features and describe their characteristics, applications, limitations and operation
identify hazards and safe work practices while using ironworkers
B-8.05.02L demonstrate knowledge of cutting material using ironworkers describe procedures to cut material using ironworkers
describe cutting processes for different materials

Range of variables

B-8.06 Cuts material using computer numerically controlled (CNC) equipment

B-8.06 Cuts material using computer numerically controlled (CNC) equipment
NL NS PE NB QC ON MB SK AB BC NT YT NU
yes yes NV yes NV yes NV yes yes yes NV NV NV
Skills
Reference Code Performance Criteria Evidence of Attainment
B-8.06.01P ensure safety features are in place safety features are in place according to manufacturers’ specifications
B-8.06.02P verify type and thickness of material that can be processed type and thickness of material that can be processed is verified according to equipment capacity
B-8.06.03P adjust settings of CNC equipment consumables settings of CNC equipment consumables are adjusted according to material being cut
B-8.06.04P select gas type to be used for cutting different materials with cutting equipment gas type to be used for cutting different materials with cutting equipment is selected
B-8.06.05P select cut pattern cut pattern is selected according to job requirements
B-8.06.06P nest cut patterns patterns are nested to minimize material waste

Range of variables

Knowledge
Reference Code Learning Outcomes Learning Objectives
B-8.06.01L demonstrate knowledge of CNC equipment, their consumables, characteristics, applications, limitations and operation identify types of CNC equipment and their consumables, and describe their characteristics, applications, limitations and operation
identify gas types and describe their properties
identify safety features and describe their characteristics, applications, limitations and operation
identify hazards and safe work practices while using CNC equipment
B-8.06.02L demonstrate knowledge of cutting material using CNC equipment describe procedures to cut material using CNC equipment

Range of variables

B-8.07 Drills holes

B-8.07 Drills holes
NL NS PE NB QC ON MB SK AB BC NT YT NU
yes yes NV yes NV yes NV yes yes yes NV NV NV
Skills
Reference Code Performance Criteria Evidence of Attainment
B-8.07.01P select and use drilling equipment drilling equipment is selected and used according to job requirements
B-8.07.02P set up drills drills are set up to account for factors
B-8.07.03P use clamping devices clamping devices are used to ensure positioning and avoid slippage of material
B-8.07.04P select and use cutting fluids cutting fluids are selected and used to cool cutting surface and remove drill shavings

Range of variables

Knowledge
Reference Code Learning Outcomes Learning Objectives
B-8.07.01L demonstrate knowledge of holes, their characteristics, applications and limitations identify types of holes, and describe their characteristics, applications and limitations
B-8.07.02L demonstrate knowledge of drilling equipment, their characteristics, applications, limitations and operation identify types of drilling equipment, and describe their characteristics, applications, limitations and operation
identify types of drill bits, and describe their characteristics, applications, limitations and operation
B-8.07.03L demonstrate knowledge of drilling holes describe procedures to drill holes using drilling equipment
describe procedures used to convert between imperial and metric systems
identify clamping devices used to secure material
identify types of cutting fluids used to cool cutting surfaces, and describe their characteristics, applications, limitations and operation

Range of variables

B-8.08 Cuts threads

B-8.08 Cuts threads
NL NS PE NB QC ON MB SK AB BC NT YT NU
yes yes NV yes NV yes NV yes yes yes NV NV NV
Skills
Reference Code Performance Criteria Evidence of Attainment
B-8.08.01P select and use threading tools and equipment threading tools and equipment are selected and used
B-8.08.02P select speed and feed rates speed and feed rates are selected according to manufacturers’ specifications and job requirements
B-8.08.03P use clamping devices clamping devices are used to ensure positioning and avoid slippage of material
B-8.08.04P select and use cutting fluids cutting fluids are selected and used to cool cutting surface and remove debris

Range of variables

Knowledge
Reference Code Learning Outcomes Learning Objectives
B-8.08.01L demonstrate knowledge of threads, their characteristics, applications, limitations and operation identify thread profiles, and describe their characteristics, applications and limitations
identify internal and external threads, and describe their characteristics, applications, limitations and operation
identify left- and right-handed threads, and describe their characteristics, applications, limitations and operation
B-8.08.02L demonstrate knowledge of procedures to cut threads describe procedures to cut threads
identify threading tools and equipment used to cut threads and describe their characteristics, applications, limitations and operation
identify types of cutting fluids used to cool cutting surfaces, and describe their characteristics, applications, limitations and operation

Range of variables

B-8.09 Prepares joints

B-8.09 Prepares joints
NL NS PE NB QC ON MB SK AB BC NT YT NU
yes yes NV yes NV yes NV yes yes yes NV NV NV
Skills
Reference Code Performance Criteria Evidence of Attainment
B-8.09.01P select and use equipment for edge bevelling and grooving equipment for edge bevelling and grooving are selected and used
B-8.09.02P maintain dimensional consistency throughout joint length dimensional consistency is maintained throughout joint length according to job specifications
B-8.09.03P clean joints and remove contaminants joints are cleaned and contaminants are removed to prevent weld defects

Range of variables

Knowledge
Reference Code Learning Outcomes Learning Objectives
B-8.09.01L demonstrate knowledge of joints, their characteristics, applications and limitations identify types of joints, and describe their characteristics, applications and limitations
describe welding requirements of joint preparation
B-8.09.02L demonstrate knowledge of preparing joints describe procedures to prepare joints
identify equipment for edge bevelling and grooving, and describe their characteristics, applications, limitations and operation
describe procedures to clean joints and remove contaminants

Range of variables

Task B-9 Forms materials

Task descriptor

Metal fabricators (fitters) use specialized equipment such as press brakes, plate rollers, shape rollers and benders to form materials into specified shapes. They may apply heat to facilitate the forming of these materials.

B-9.01 Forms material using plate rollers

B-9.01 Forms material using plate rollers
NL NS PE NB QC ON MB SK AB BC NT YT NU
yes yes NV yes NV yes NV yes yes yes NV NV NV
Skills
Reference Code Performance Criteria Evidence of Attainment
B-9.01.01P pre-form material ends material ends are pre-formed to account for limitations of rollers
B-9.01.02P adjust plate rollers plate rollers are adjusted according to radius during forming
B-9.01.03P monitor material material is monitored by using sweep template to ensure amount of roll is consistent with job specifications
Knowledge
Reference Code Learning Outcomes Learning Objectives
B-9.01.01L demonstrate knowledge of materials, their applications, metallurgy and characteristics identify types of materials and describe their applications, metallurgy and characteristics
identify minimum bend radius for various materials
B-9.01.02L demonstrate knowledge of plate rollers, their characteristics, applications, limitations and operation identify types of plate rollers, and describe their characteristics, applications, limitations and operation
B-9.01.03L demonstrate knowledge of forming material using plate rollers describe procedures to form material using plate rollers
identify hazards and safe work practices while using plate rollers

Range of variables

B-9.02 Forms material using shape rollers

B-9.02 Forms material using shape rollers
NL NS PE NB QC ON MB SK AB BC NT YT NU
yes yes NV yes NV yes NV yes yes yes NV NV NV
Skills
Reference Code Performance Criteria Evidence of Attainment
B-9.02.01P select and change dies dies are selected and changed according to material shape
B-9.02.02P adjust shape rollers shape rollers are adjusted according to radius during forming
B-9.02.03P monitor material material is monitored by using sweep template to ensure amount of roll is consistent with job specifications
Knowledge
Reference Code Learning Outcomes Learning Objectives
B-9.02.01L demonstrate knowledge of materials, their applications, metallurgy and characteristics identify types of materials and describe their applications, metallurgy and characteristics
identify minimum bend radius for various materials
B-9.02.02L demonstrate knowledge of shape rollers, their characteristics, applications, limitations and operation identify types of shape rollers, and describe their characteristics, applications, limitations and operation
describe procedures to set up and adjust shape rollers
describe use of sweeps and templates
B-9.02.03L demonstrate knowledge of forming material using shape rollers describe procedures to form material using shape rollers
identify considerations and describe procedures used to lay out structural shapes
identify hazards and safe work practices while using shape rollers
explain effects associated with shape rolling

Range of variables

B-9.03 Forms material using conventional and computer numerically controlled (CNC) press brakes

B-9.03 Forms material using conventional and computer numerically controlled (CNC) press brakes
NL NS PE NB QC ON MB SK AB BC NT YT NU
yes yes NV yes NV yes NV yes yes yes NV NV NV
Skills
Reference Code Performance Criteria Evidence of Attainment
B-9.03.01P select and use dies dies are selected and used according to job specifications
B-9.03.02P determine bend sequence bend sequence is determined according to equipment clearance and profile of desired shape
B-9.03.03P set up back stops back stops are set up according to required dimensions to aid in forming repeated bends
B-9.03.04P monitor bends for irregularities during forming and adjust equipment settings to compensate bends are monitored for irregularities during forming and equipment settings are adjusted to compensate
B-9.03.05P select and use templates templates are selected and used to verify bend profile

Range of variables

Knowledge
Reference Code Learning Outcomes Learning Objectives
B-9.03.01L demonstrate knowledge of materials, their applications, metallurgy and characteristics identify types of materials and describe their applications, metallurgy and characteristics
identify minimum bend radius for various materials
B-9.03.02L demonstrate knowledge of conventional and CNC press brakes, their characteristics, applications, limitations and operation identify types of press brakes, and describe their characteristics, applications, limitations and operation
describe procedures to set up and adjust press brakes
B-9.03.03L demonstrate knowledge of forming material using conventional and CNC press brakes describe procedures to form material using conventional and CNC press brakes
identify hazards and safe work practices while using press brakes
explain effects associated with braking

Range of variables

B-9.04 Forms materials using benders

B-9.04 Forms materials using benders
NL NS PE NB QC ON MB SK AB BC NT YT NU
yes yes NV yes NV yes NV yes yes yes NV NV NV
Skills
Reference Code Performance Criteria Evidence of Attainment
B-9.04.01P select, change and set up dies dies are selected, changed and set up according to material shape
B-9.04.02P adjust benders benders are adjusted according to radius during forming
B-9.04.03P monitor material material is monitored by using measuring and layout tools to ensure bend is consistent with job specifications
Knowledge
Reference Code Learning Outcomes Learning Objectives
B-9.04.01L demonstrate knowledge of materials, their applications, metallurgy and characteristics identify types of materials and describe their applications, metallurgy and characteristics
identify minimum bend radius for various materials
B-9.04.02L demonstrate knowledge of benders, their characteristics, applications, limitations and operation identify types of benders, and describe their characteristics, applications, limitations and operation
B-9.04.03L demonstrate knowledge of forming material using benders describe procedures to form material using benders
identify hazards and safe work practices while using benders

Range of variables

B-9.05 Applies heat for forming

B-9.05 Applies heat for forming
NL NS PE NB QC ON MB SK AB BC NT YT NU
yes yes NV yes NV yes NV yes yes yes NV NV NV
Skills
Reference Code Performance Criteria Evidence of Attainment
B-9.05.01P use jigs for manual forming jigs for manual forming are used to ensure consistency of end product
B-9.05.02P select and use heating equipment heating equipment is selected and used according to material size, type and shape
B-9.05.03P measure temperature of heated material temperature of heated material is measured considering factors
B-9.05.04P determine location of heat application location of heat application is determined according to job specifications
B-9.05.05P correct distortions in distorted metals distortions in distorted metals are corrected through use of heat

Range of variables

Knowledge
Reference Code Learning Outcomes Learning Objectives
B-9.05.01L demonstrate knowledge of heating equipment, their characteristics, applications, limitations and operation identify types of heating equipment, and describe their characteristics, applications, limitations and operation
identify hazards and safe work practices while using heating equipment
B-9.05.02L demonstrate knowledge of applying heat for forming materials describe procedures to apply heat for forming materials
describe heating requirements for forming various materials
identify indicators of temperature
identify minimum bend radius for various materials

Range of variables